Conditional Sentences - 6

Conditional ("if") sentences normally have two parts. One part shows a result and the other shows a condition on which the result depends. The condition is normally preceded by if. In "He would have been at the meeting if he weren't so forgetful," the result is "he would have been at the meeting" and the condition (introduced by
"if") is "he weren't so forgetful."

There are two main types of conditional sentences: real and unreal. Real conditional sentences refer to situations that are either true or possible. Unreal conditionals refer to situations that are untrue, impossible or hypothetical; conditional sentences of this type are often described as being contrary to fact.

Let's look at more information on unreal conditionals.

Unreal Conditionals - 4



There are several types of unreal conditional sentences. They differ according to the time that they refer to, but they are the same in one way: the situations that they show are unreal, hypothetical, and contrary to fact. 

Unreal conditionals may be used for situations in present / future time, past time, or mixed times. There are several types of mixed-time unreal conditionals. One has the condition in the past and the result in the present or future. Another has the condition in general time and the result in past time:

If she weren't so lazy, she would've finished her work several days ago. / She would've finished her work several days ago if she weren't so lazy.
(She didn't finish her work several days ago because she's very lazy.)

If I needed help, I would've hired a maid. / I would've hired a maid if I needed help.
(I didn't want to hire a maid because I don't need help.)

If she rode more quickly, he would've arrived several hours ago. / She would've arrived several hours ago if she rode more quickly.
(She didn't arrive several hours ago because she doesn't ride quickly.)

If John's family were rich, he wouldn't have needed to get a part-time job. / John wouldn't have needed to get a part-time job if his family were rich.

(John's family isn't rich, so he needed to get a part-time job.)

Extra Notes:
In all the sentences above, the condition is in general time; it shows a situation that is a fact, a habit, or a continuing situation. The results, in the sentences above, are in the past--but they could also be in the present or future:

If she weren't so lazy, she would've finished her work several days ago. / She would've finished her work several days ago if she weren't so lazy.

If she weren't so lazy, she would finish his work on time. / She would finish his work on time if she weren't so lazy.

If she weren't so lazy, she would finish her work this week instead of sometime next month.

If she rode more quickly, she would've arrived several hours ago. / She would've arrived several hours ago if she rode more quickly.

If she rode more quickly, she would arrive on time. / She would arrive on time if she rode more quickly.

If she rode more quickly, she would arrive later this morning instead of this afternoon. / She would arrive later this morning instead of this afternoon if she rode more quickly.

Conditional Sentences - 1
Conditional Sentences - 2

Conditional Sentences - 3

Conditional Sentences - 4

Conditional Sentences - 5

Conditional Sentences - 5

Conditional ("if") sentences normally have two parts. One part shows a result and the other shows a condition on which the result depends. The condition is normally preceded by if. In "He'd be angry if he hadn't gotten what he wanted," the result is "he'd be angry" and the condition (introduced by "if") is "he hadn't gotten
what he wanted."

There are two main types of conditional sentences: real and unreal. Real conditional sentences refer to situations that are either true or possible. Unreal conditionals refer to situations that are untrue, impossible or hypothetical; conditional sentences of this type are often described as being contrary to fact.

Let's look at another possibility for unreal conditionals.

Unreal Conditionals - 3
There are several types of unreal conditional sentences. They differ according to the time that they refer to, but they are the same in one way: the situations that they show are unreal, hypothetical, and contrary to fact.

Another type of unreal conditional is used for mixed times (that is, different times for the condition and the result). There are several types of mixed-time unreal conditionals. One has the condition in the past and the result in the present or future:

Examples:
If he had left last night, she would be at home today. / She would be at home  today if she had left last night.
(She didn't leave last night, so she isn't at home today.)

If he had learned French when he was very young, his pronunciation would be perfect. / His pronunciation would be perfect if he had learned French when he was very young.
(His pronunciation isn't perfect because he wasn't very young when he learned French.)

If he had starting saving his money earlier, he would be able to buy a computer sometime this year. / He would be able to buy a computer
sometime this year if he had started saving his money earlier.
(He won't be able to buy a computer at any time this year because he didn't start saving his money early enough.)

If I had been born in 2000, I would be 19 years old on my next birthday. / I would be 19 years old on my next birthday if I had been born in 2000.
(I won't be 19 years old on my next birthday because I wasn't born in 2000.)

Extra Notes:
A past condition can have a present or future result, but (logically) a present or future condition can't have a past result.

Conditional Sentences - 1
Conditional Sentences - 2
Conditional Sentences - 3
Conditional Sentences - 4
Conditional Sentences - 6

Conditional Sentences - 4

Conditional ("if") sentences usually have two parts. One part shows a result and the other shows a condition on which the result depends. The condition is usually preceded by if. In "He'd have gotten angry if he hadn't gotten what he wanted," the result is "he'd have gotten angry" and the condition (introduced by "if") is "he hadn't gotten what he wanted."

There are two main types of conditional sentences: real and unreal. 
Real conditional sentences refer to situations that are either true or possible. Unreal conditionals refer to situations that are not true, not possible or hypothetical; conditional sentences of this type are often described as being contrary to fact.

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Let's take another look at unreal conditionals.

Unreal Conditionals - 2
There are many types of unreal conditional sentences. They vary according to the time they refer to, but they are the same in one way: the situations that they show are not real, hypothetical, and contrary to fact.

The second type of unreal conditional is used for past time. Usually, unreal conditional sentences that refer to past time use this form:
If + subject + had + past participle + other words, subject + would have ('ve) + past participle + other words.

OR

Subject + would have ('ve) + past participle + other words if + subject + had + past participle + other words. (This form is used for BE and other verbs.)

Examples:
If Mary had been here yesterday, she would've assisted me. / Mary would've assisted me if she had been here yesterday.
(Mary wasn't here yesterday, so she couldn't assist me.)

If Mark had had enough money, he would've gone to France. / Mark would've gone to France if I had had enough money.
(Mark didn't have enough money, so he couldn't go to France.)

If bikes had cost less, I would've bought a new one. / I would've bought a new bikes  if they had cost less.
(New bikes cost too much for me, so I couldn't buy a new one.)

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Extra Notes:
1. Notice that in the if clause, the time is past, but the tense is past perfect.
2. Notice also that had may be used as both an auxiliary verb and a past participle:

If I had had enough money . . . .
If she had had time . . . .
If he had had a reason . . . .

In past unreal conditionals, had is frequently contracted to 'd:

If I'd had enough money . . . .
If he'd had time . . . .
If she'd had a reason . . . .
   
3. In the if clause, would have is not used.
Incorrect: If he would've been here yesterday, he would've helped you.
Incorrect: If I would've had enough money, I would've gone to France.
Incorrect: If bikes would've cost less, I would've bought a new one.

4. Native speakers sometimes say had've instead of would've in the result clause. This is completely wrong.
Incorrect: If I had've been here yesterday, he would've helped you.
Incorrect: If I had've had enough money, I would've gone to France.
Incorrect: If bikes had've cost less, I would've bought a new one.

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5. It's also possible to use might have ('ve) or could have ('ve) in the result clause:
If she'd been here yesterday, she might've / could've helped you.
If I'd had enough money, I might've / could've gone to France.
If bikes had cost less, I might've / could've bought a new one.

Conditional Sentences - 1

Conditional Sentences - 2

Conditional Sentences - 3

Conditional Sentences - 5

Conditional Sentences - 6

Conditional Sentences - 3

Conditional ("if") sentences normally have two parts. One part shows a result and the other shows a condition on which the result depends. The condition is normally preceded by if. In "He'd get angry if he didn't get what he wanted," the result is "he'd get angry" and the condition (introduced by "if") is "he didn't get what he wanted."

There are two main types of conditional sentences: real and unreal. Real conditional sentences refer to situations that are either true or possible. Unreal conditionals refer to situations that are untrue, impossible or hypothetical; conditional sentences of this type are often described as being contrary to fact.

We've already looked at real conditional sentences. Now let's take a look at the unreal ones.


Unreal Conditionals - 1

There are several types of unreal conditional sentences. They differ according to the time that they refer to, but they are the same in one way: the situations that they show are unreal, hypothetical, and contrary to fact. The first type of unreal conditional is used for present and future time. Normally, unreal conditional sentences that refer to present and future time use this form:

BE:
If + subject + were + other words, subject + would ('d) + verb + other words.

OR

Subject + would ('d) + verb + other words + if + subject + were + other words.

Examples:
If he were here today, he'd help you. / He'd help you if he were here today.
(He isn't here today, so he can't help you.)

If I were rich, I'd travel around the world. / I'd travel around the world if I were rich.
(I'm not rich, so I can't travel around the world.)

If cars were affordable, I'd buy a new one. / I'd buy a new car if they were affordable.
(New cars aren't affordable for me, so I can't buy one.)



Other Verbs:
If + subject + past verb + other words, subject + would ('d) + verb + other words.

OR

Subject + would ('d) + verb + other words + if + subject + past verb + other words.

Examples:
If you asked him, he'd help you. / He'd help you if he asked him.
(You haven't asked him, so he can't help you.)

If I had a lot of money, I'd travel around the world. / I'd travel around the world if I had a lot of money.
(I don't have a lot of money, so I can't travel around the world.)

If companies sold affordable cars, I'd buy one. / I'd buy a car if companies sold affordable ones.
(Companies don't sell cars that are affordable for me, so I can't buy one.)

Important: In the examples above, there is a difference in tense and time (that is, using past tense forms for situations that are in present or future time). This difference in tense and time signals that the situation is unreal, hypothetical, and contrary to fact.

Special Notes:
1. In formal writing, present / future unreal conditionals with BE use were for I, you, he,
she, it, we, and they: If I / you / he / she / it / we / they were here . . .

In casual conversation and very informal writing, was (usually pronounced "wuz") is often used
instead of were.
   
2. It's most common, in this type of conditional,to use would in the result clause, but could and might are also possible:

If he were here today, he could / might help you.
If I were rich, I could / might travel around the world.
If I had a lot of money, I could / might travel around the world.
If companies sold affordable cars, I could / might buy one.


3. If would shows willingness, it may appear in both the condition and the result:
If she would study, she would get good grades.
(She isn't willing to study, so she probably won't get good grades.)

If he would play fair, we would ask him to be on the team.
(He isn't willing to play fair, so we aren't willing to ask him to be on the team.
   
4. Would cannot be used in the condition if it doesn't refer to willingness:

strange:
*If I would be young, I would have more energy.

strange:
*If he would have enough time, he would help you.

Conditional Sentences - 1
Conditional Sentences - 2
Conditional Sentences - 4
Conditional Sentences - 5
Conditional Sentences - 6

Conditional Sentences - 2

Conditional ("if") sentences normally have two parts. One part shows a result and the other shows a condition on which the result depends. The condition is normally preceded by if. In "He'll get angry if he doesn't get what he wants," the result is "he'll get angry" and the condition (introduced by "if") is "he doesn't get what he wants."

There are two main types of conditional sentences: real and unreal. Real conditional sentences refer to situations that are either true or possible. Unreal conditionals refer to situations that are untrue, impossible or hypothetical; conditional sentences of this type are often described as being contrary to fact.

Let's take another look at real conditionals.



Real Conditionals - 2
There are two types of real conditional sentences.

We saw that in the first, the result is known: it happens every time the condition is met. In conditional sentences of this type, when, whenever, or every time may be substituted for if with no change in meaning.

The second type of real conditional sentence is used for situations that are possible. In this type of real conditional sentence, the if clause is usually present tense and the result clause is usually shown by will + a simple verb. The result is possible, but it hasn't happened: it depends on meeting the condition (shown by the if clause):


If she studies, she'll get good grades.
(Getting good grades is very likely for her,but first she needs to study.)

If he's relaxed, he'll feel more confident.
(It's very likely that he'll feel more confident, but first he needs to relax.)

If they have extra money, they'll put it in their savings account.
(It's very likely that they'll put money in their savings account, but it depends on having something extra.)

If I see him, I'll give him your message.
(It's very likely that I'll give him your message, but I can't do that if I don't see him.)

Extra Notes:
1. In this type of conditional sentence, if does not = when / whenever / every time.
2. It's possible, in this type of conditional, to use will in both parts of the sentence. If will is
used in the if clause, it shows willingness (volition), not future time:

If she'll study, she'll get good grades.
(If she'll study = If she's willing to study.)

If he'll relax, he'll feel more confident.
(If he'll relax = If he's willing to relax.)

If you'll help me, I'll be grateful.
(If you'll help me = If you're willing to help me.)
 
3. Will can be used in if clauses only when it shows willingness:



illogical:
*If they'll have extra money, they'll put it in their savings account.

illogical:
*If I'll see him, I'll give him your message.

4. It's also possible to use may or might in this type of conditional sentence:

If she studies, she may / might get good grades. 
(Getting good grades is possible though not very likely for her, but first she needs to study.)

If he's relaxed, he may / might feel more confident.
(It's possible though not too likely that he'll feel more confident, but first he needs to relax.)

If they have extra money, they may / might put it in their savings account.
(It's possible though not too likely that they'll put money in their savings account, but it depends on having something extra.)

If I see him, I'll give him your message.
(It's possible though not very likely that I'll give him your message, but I can't do that if I don't see him.)

Conditional Sentences - 1
Conditional Sentences - 3
Conditional Sentences - 4
Conditional Sentences - 5
Conditional Sentences - 6

Conditional Sentences - 1

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Conditional ("if") sentences normally have two parts. One part shows a result and the other shows a condition on which the result depends. The condition is normally preceded by if. In "He gets angry if he doesn't get what

he wants," the result is "he gets angry" and the condition (introduced by "if") is "he doesn't get what he wants.

There are two main types of conditional sentences: real and unreal. Real conditional sentences refer to situations that are either true or possible. Unreal conditionals refer to situations that are untrue, impossible or hypothetical;conditional sentences of this type are often described as being contrary to fact.

Let's look, first, at real conditionals.

Real Conditionals-1
There are two types of real conditional sentences. In the first type, the result is known: it happens every time the condition is met. In conditional sentences of this type, when, whenever, or every time may be substituted for if with no change in meaning:


If she studies, she gets good grades.
(When / Whenever / Every time she studies,she gets good grades.)

If he's relaxed, he feels more confident.
(When / Whenever / Every time he's relaxed,he feels more confident.)

If they have extra money, they put it in their savings account.
(When / Whenever / Every time they have extra money, they put it in their
savings account.)

Extra Notes:
1. If may be at either the beginning or middle of conditional sentences:
If she studies, she gets good grades. / She gets good grades if she studies.
If he's relaxed, he feels more confident. / He feels more confident if he's relaxed.
If they have extra money, they put it in their savings account.
They put extra money in their savings account if they have any.

Notice that a comma is used with the if clause when it begins a sentence. Notice also that
there is no comma when the if clause is in the middle of a sentence.

2. For predictable situations, the simple present tense is normally used (see the examples above).

Conditional Sentences - 2
Conditional Sentences - 3

Conditional Sentences - 4
Conditional Sentences - 5
Conditional Sentences - 6

Adjective Clauses - 13

Using Adjective Clauses - 13. Avoid these Mistakes - Part 4

We have seen that you should be careful about several possible types of errors with adjective clauses. Here are two more things to avoid:

Prepositions of Movement or Direction

Prepositions of movement or direction are used to show movement from one place to another. These prepositions are most often used with verbs of motion and are found after the verb.

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by JENNIFER FROST on JANUARY 18, 2014

Source: GrammarCheck

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Adjective Clauses - 11

Avoid these Mistakes Part 2

Adjective clauses are very useful in both speaking and writing, but you should be careful with them. We've already seen two errors that are common when using adjective clauses. Here are two more:

1. Don't use personal pronouns and relative pronouns to refer to the same word.
Relative pronouns are used to make a connection to a noun phrase. The main noun in the noun phrase
can be a subject, object, or possessive and it can be replaced by a subject, object, or possessive pronoun. There are also subject, object, and possessive forms for relative pronouns. Don't connect to the main noun twice by using both personal pronouns and relative pronouns.


Examples
Incorrect: Robin is the person *who he was talking to me at the football game.
Correct: Robin is the person who was talking to me at the baseball game.
Incorrect: Robin is the person *who(m) I was talking to him at the baseball game.
Correct: Robin is the person who(m) I was talking to at the baseball game.
Correct-formal: Robin is the person to whom I was talking at the baseball game.
Incorrect: Robin is the person *who his brother was pitching in the second inning.
Correct: Robin is the person whose brother was pitching in the second inning.

2. Do not confuse whose with who's or with who he/she is.
Whose is a possessive relative pronoun. Who's or who he/she is may have similar sounds, but
they have very different grammar and meanings.



Examples
Incorrect: Janet is the one *who her car was stolen last night.
Incorrect: Janet is the one *who's car was stolen last night.
Correct: Janet is the one whose car was stolen last night.
Incorrect: No, I don't know anyone *who his name is Jack Spencer.
Incorrect: No, I don't know anyone *who's name is Jack Spencer.
Correct: No, I don't know anyone whose name is Jack Spencer.

Using Adjective Clauses - 10 Part 1:

Avoid these Mistakes -  Part 1

Because adjective (relative) clauses are very useful in giving descriptive information in both speaking and writing, they are something you will hear, see, and want to use in English. You should, however, be careful in using them. Be especially careful not to make these common mistakes:

Adjective Clauses - 9

Using Adjective Clauses 9

Restrictive / Nonrestrictive Clauses (#2)

Two important things to remember about restrictive and non-restrictive adjective clauses: Punctuation and the relative pronouns that they use. In today's lesson, we'll look at punctuation and relative pronouns used in non-restrictive clauses.

Adjective Clauses - 8

Restrictive / Nonrestrictive Clauses

We have already seen that adjective clauses can be classified into subject-pattern clauses, object-pattern clauses, possessive clauses, and clauses with where and when. They can also be classified in another way: into restrictive and non-restrictive clauses.

Adjective Clauses - 7

Using Adjective Clauses - 7

Clauses with Where and When

In addition to adjective clauses that begin with "normal" relative pronouns (who, who[m], that, which, whose), there are also adjective clauses that begin with where and when.

Adjective clauses beginning with "where" add information about a place, while adjective clauses beginning with "when" add information about a time.

Examples:

1. Where

The building is on Central Avenue/Lena works in the building.

The building where Lena works is on Central Avenue.

Note:

The sentence with where has an adjective clause: where Lena works. In the clause,

where is used in the same way as a relative pronoun. The clause modifies the building.

The town is about 100 miles south of here/John's relatives live in the city.

The town where John's relatives live is about 100 miles south of here.

Note:

The sentence with where has an adjective clause: where John's relatives live. In the clause, where is used in the same way as a relative pronoun. The clauses modify the town.

They live in a building. There are many floors in the building.

They live in a building where there are many floors.*

Note:

In the sentence above, the adjective clause is where there are many floors. The clause modifies a building.

2. When

I'll always remember the day. We met on the day.

I'll always remember the day when we met.*

Note:

In the sentence above, the adjective clause is when we met. The clause modifies the day.

Autumn is the season. The leaves of many trees change color during

the season.

Autumn is the season when the leaves of many trees change color.*

Note:

In the sentence above, the adjective clause is when the leaves of many trees change color. The clause modifies the season.

Thanksgiving is a holiday. Families like to gather together on the holiday.

Thanksgiving is a holiday when families like to gather together.*

Note:

This time the adjective clause is when families like to gather together. The clause modifies a holiday.

Special Notes:

1. Do not use prepositions before either where or when in an adjective clause:

Incorrect: *The building in where Lena works is on Central Avenue.

Incorrect: *They live in a building in where there are many apartments.

Incorrect: *I'll always remember the day on when we met.

Incorrect: *Autumn is the season during when the leaves of many trees change color.

2. In very formal writing, you may, however, use prepositions before which--but not before that:

Correct: The building in which Lena works is on Central Avenue.

Incorrect: *The building in that Lena works is on Central Avenue

Correct: They live in a building in which there are many apartments.

Incorrect: *They live in a building in that there are many apartments.

Correct: I'll always remember the day on which we met.

Incorrect: *I'll always remember the day on that we met.

Correct: Autumn is the season during which the leaves of many trees change color.

Incorrect: *Autumn is the season during that the leaves of many trees change color.

Adjective Clauses - 6

Types of Adjective Clauses
Possessive Adjective Clauses
In addition to the subject- and object-pattern adjective clauses, there are also adjective clauses with whose. In clauses of this type, whose shows possession. It is always combined with a noun or noun phrase.

Examples:
1. The author is Steve Smith. He likes the author's books best.
The author whose books he likes best is Steve Smith.

Phrasal Verbs: E

EAT OUT (no object): have a meal at a restaurant.

Example:
"I'm too tired to cook anything tonight. Why don't we eat out?"

EGG ON (separable): urge / encourage toward doing something (usually something negative).

Example:
"At first Rick and John were just having a little argument, but Rick's friends egged them on until they started fighting."



END UP (1. no object): finally arrive at; arrive at an unexpected place.

Example:
"We got lost yesterday and ended up in the next city."

END UP (2. no object): arrive somewhere as a result or consequence.

Example:

"You're working too hard. If you don't slow down, you'll end up in the hospital!"

Modal Verbs - Part 3

Understanding and Using Modal Verbs - 3

Individual Modal Verbs

English modal verbs are challenging for English learners. This challenge could be for reasons, which include both grammar and meaning.

This Hint continues with information on may. We've already seen how may is used in present or future time, so let's take a look now at its very different "behavior" in past time.

May (2):
Past Time
For past time, the modal verb may is used in quite differently
in direct speech and in indirect speech.

Direct Speech
In direct speech, may is used only to give information about
the possibility and not both possibility and permission.

To show possibility in the past, use may + have + the past
participle (third form) of the verb.

Examples: may = possibility in the past
A: Where's Peter?
B: I have no idea. He may have gone to work.
(It's possible that Peter went to work.)
     
A: Was Janet at the office?
B: I am not sure. She may have been there.
(It's possible that she was there.)
     
A: Why aren't Jack and his girlfriend talking to each other?
B: I'm don't know. They may have had an argument about something. (It's possible that they had an argument about something.)

Indirect Speech

In indirect (quoted or reported) speech, may often changes
to might if the main verb is in a past tense.

Examples: may becomes might (because of the tense of the main verb):
John: "May I come with you?" (direct speech)
John asked if he might come with us. (indirect speech)

Tom: "Yes, you may borrow my book." (direct speech)
Ted told me that I might borrow his book. (indirect speech)

Sarah: "I may be early." (direct speech)
Sheila said that she might be early. (indirect speech)




Extra Notes:
1. maybe and may have
Maybe can also be used to give information about possibilities in the past.

Examples:
Sandra may have gone home. /
Maybe she went home.

Janet may have been there. /
Maybe she was there.

I may have met her. I don't remember. /
Maybe I met her. I don't remember.

A: Was Lester angry?
B: I don't know. Maybe. / He may have been.
     
A: Did Sandra forget about our party?
B: I don't know. Maybe. / She may have.
     
2. May have does not refer to permission in the past.

Examples:
"John may have left the party" means "Maybe he
left the party" or "It's possible that he left the party."
It does not mean "John had permission to leave the party."

"Stella may have borrowed your pen" means "It's possible that Stella borrowed your pen" or "Maybe Stella borrowed your pen." It does not mean "She had permission to borrow your pen."

Adjective Clauses - 5

Types of Adjective Clauses

More on Object Pattern Clauses

Like subject-pattern adjective clauses, object-pattern clauses also have some special characteristics:

1. Object Relative Pronouns: People

For people, who(m) or that can be used; both are common. However, whom is used mostly for very formal speaking or
writing. For other uses (including most speaking), who or that is used. The only difference between who in subject- and in object-pattern clauses is in word order:

Adjective Clauses - 4

Object Pattern Clauses

In addition to subject-pattern adjective clauses, there are also object-pattern ones. They have that name because in them, the relative pronoun replaces the object of the clause.

Examples
1. The man called me. We met the man at Rick's party.
The man who(m) (that*) we met at Rick's party called me.

Nouns - 1 Countable Nouns

Countable Nouns

Nouns (names of people, places, things, ideas) are very important in English. They are used as subjects of sentences and clauses and as objects of verbs and prepositions. There are many different kinds
of nouns in English, and they may be classified (divided into groups) in many ways.